In, a shift register is a cascade of, sharing the same, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the 'data' input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the ' stored in it, 'shifting in' the data present at its input and 'shifting out' the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input. More generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that its 'data in' and stage outputs are themselves bit arrays: this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the same bit-length in parallel. Shift registers can have both and inputs and outputs. These are often configured as 'serial-in, parallel-out' (SIPO) or as 'parallel-in, serial-out' (PISO). There are also types that have both serial and parallel input and types with serial and parallel output. There are also 'bidirectional' shift registers which allow shifting in both directions: L→R or R→L. The serial input and last output of a shift register can also be connected to create a 'circular shift register'.

Contents • • • • • • • • Serial-in serial-out (SISO) [ ] Destructive readout [ ] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 These are the simplest kind of shift registers. The data string is presented at 'Data In', and is shifted right one stage each time 'Data Advance' is brought.

Parallel Input Serial Output (PISO) In this type of shift register data bits are entered in parallel fashion. The circuit shown below is a four bit parallel input serial output shift register. We can note that output of previous Flip Flop is connected to the input of the next one via a combinational circuit.

At each advance, the bit on the far left (i.e. 'Data In') is shifted into the first 's output. The bit on the far right (i.e. Data Out) is shifted out and lost.

The data is stored after each on the 'Q' output, so there are four storage 'slots' available in this arrangement, hence it is a 4-bit Register. To give an idea of the shifting pattern, imagine that the register holds 0000 (so all storage slots are empty).

As 'Data In' presents 1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0 (in that order, with a pulse at 'Data Advance' each time—this is called clocking or strobing) to the register, this is the result. The right hand column corresponds to the right-most flip-flop's output pin, and so on. So the serial output of the entire register is 00001011. It can be seen that if data were to be continued to input, it would get exactly what was put in (10110000), but offset by four 'Data Advance' cycles. This arrangement is the hardware equivalent of a.

Also, at any time, the whole register can be set to zero by bringing the reset (R) pins high. This arrangement performs destructive readout - each datum is lost once it has been shifted out of the right-most bit. Serial-in parallel-out (SIPO) [ ]. This configuration allows conversion from serial to parallel format. Data input is serial, as described in the SISO section above. Once the data has been clocked in, it may be either read off at each output simultaneously, or it can be shifted out. In this configuration, each flip-flop is.

All flip-flops operate at the given clock frequency. Each input bit makes its way down to the Nth output after N clock cycles, leading to parallel output. In cases where the parallel outputs should not change during the serial loading process, it is desirable to use a latched or output. In a latched shift register (such as the ) the serial data is first loaded into an internal buffer register, then upon receipt of a load signal the state of the buffer register is copied into a set of output registers.

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In general, the practical application of the serial-in/parallel-out shift register is to convert data from serial format on a single wire to parallel format on multiple wires. Parallel-in serial-out (PISO) [ ] This configuration has the data input on lines D1 through D4 in parallel format, D1 being the most significant bit.